Income of Canadian Immigrants Varies Depending on Time, Country of Origin

British immigrants to Canada, which include renowned news broadcaster Peter Mansbridge, have the highest average income among immigrant groups of different regions of origin (Geoff Campbell at Mount Allison University)

This is the first of our two part series on the recently released Statistics Canada report on the income of immigrants. We analyse income trends for immigrants from different regions of the world who arrived between 2006 and 2010. The second part of this series can be found here.

Data released last month by Statistics Canada shows large variance in the average income of immigrants across groups divided by country of origin and date of arrival in Canada.

The data looks at income-receiving immigrants from six geographical regions: 1) Africa and the Middle East, 2) Asia, Australasia and the Pacific 3) South America and Greenland, 4) the United States, 5) Europe except the United Kingdom, and 6) the United Kingdom.

It tracks the immigrants’ incomes from 1980 to 2010, to find trends in income growth over time. In this report, we look at the 2006 to 2010 period to analyze the income growth of recent immigrants.

The results, seen below, show incomes rising as an immigrant’s time as a permanent resident in Canada increases.

For the newest cohort – those who arrived in 2010 – the average income was $19,548 in 2010. For those established in Canada the longest, since 2006, the average income as of 2010 was $29,151, a 50 percent advantage relative to the most recently arrived group.

Among different world areas, immigrants from the United Kingdom had by far the highest average income. Those who landed in 2006 had an average income of $55,081 by 2010. Immigrants from the United States followed, with those who had arrived in 2006 earning an average of $48,345 by 2010.

The remaining regions saw much lower average incomes, which were closer to the average income for the total immigrant population due to the fact that their members made up the majority of immigrants to Canada over the period.

Immigrants who had arrived in 2006 from the African and Middle East area, the Asia, Australasia and the Pacific area, and the South America and Greenland area, earned on average $28,944, $25,694, and $28,173 per year, respectively, by 2010.

In the middle of the pack were immigrants who had arrived in 2006 from the ‘Europe outside of the United Kingdom’ area, who earned $33,564 by 2010.

The data confirms previous findings that link proficiency in an official Canadian language and knowledge of Canadian culture with better economic performance for immigrants in Canada.

Canada’s immigration programs have been reformed in the past year to place greater emphasis on language ability, in order to select immigrants more likely to successfully integrate into Canada’s economy and labour market.

Canadian Government to Provide $400 Million to Bolster Domestic Venture Capital Industry

The headquarters of Shopify, one of Canada’s rising tech stars, in the ByWard Market district of Ottawa. The federal government hopes to see more high-growth technology companies like Shopify being started in Canada (GOOGLE MAPS)

The Harper government announced on Monday that it will inject $400 million in Canada’s venture capital industry as part of the Venture Capital Action Plan.

The goal of the plan is to encourage the creation of large venture capital funds that specialize in investing in early-stage, high-growth startup companies in Canada.

“Our Government understands that Canada’s long-term economic competitiveness in the emerging knowledge economy needs to be driven by globally competitive, high-growth businesses that innovate and create high-quality jobs,” said Prime Minister Stephen Harper in announcing the initiative.

$250 million of the $400 million of federal funding will be used to create a “fund of funds” for Canada’s venture capital industry, which will invest in Canada-focused venture capital funds.

$100 million will be invested into a private-sector counter-part to the government-run ‘fund of funds’, which will have a similar role as the government-administered fund, but with private and provincial co-funders.

The remaining $50 million will be invested into “three to five” existing high-performance Canadian venture capital funds.

The federal government has made several efforts over the past year to support Canada’s venture capital and startup industry, including providing publicity for the volunteer-led and funded Startup Canada project, and beginning consultations on creating a new ‘startup visa’ to provide a route for entrepreneurs with venture capital funding to immigrate to Canada.

With top marginal personal income tax rates that are among the highest in the world though, the government could face an uphill battle in fostering an entrepreneurial culture in Canada according to some analysts.

A study released by Canadian economist Ergete Ferede last year shows a negative correlation between the extent of redistribution and progressivity in the personal income tax and the rate of self-employment.

Chinese Immigrants to Canada Call for Beefed up Math/Science Curriculum in B.C.

Canada placed 10th in the mathematics portion of the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) while East Asian jurisdictions like Shanghai, China topped the rankings (CICS News)

The Vancouver Sun reports that a group of Chinese-educated tutors are calling for British Columbia’s Education Ministry to raise math and science standards in the province’s public schools.

The group of private tutors say that B.C. students are slipping compared to their Canadian counterparts and to students in other countries in international assessments of math and science aptitude, and this will harm the province’s children in the future unless there’s a change.

The tutors, who include Sharon Shen, Jason Gao, Yong Yuan and John Yuan, have formed the Educational Quest Society to promote their cause of raising B.C.’s education standards. They are concerned by the poor showing of the province’s students in a recent national assessment, as noted by the Vancouver Sun story:

For proof of a performance decline, the society points to the latest results from the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program, which tested the math skills of 32,000 Grade 8 students from across the country in 2010. While those in Quebec, Ontario and Alberta had results equal to or above the Canadian average, B.C. participants fell below.

Students in East Asian countries, including China, have in recent years developed a reputation for excellence in science and mathematics. In the math portion of the recent Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for example, the top five performing jurisdictions were all East Asian, with Shanghai students topping the rankings.

Chinese students have achieved these results despite the fact that education spending in China, at $1,593 US per pupil per year at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), measures only a fraction of the OECD average of $9,860 (PPP).

Given the apparently superior efficiency and performance of education in China, the tutors’ insights into their country of origin’s education system is being given consideration in Canada and attention from Canadian news media like the Vancouver Sun.

It remains to be seen if Canada’s culture and education policy will transform in coming years as a growing immigrant population adds an international perspective to the way of doing things.

Canada’s Population Hits 35 Million, Immigration Largest Source of Growth

Canada’s projected population surpassed 35 million last week as the country catches up to other G8 member states in population size (Martin C. Barry)

According to Statistics Canada’s population clock, Canada’s population passed 35 million last week, a notable landmark in the country’s developmental history, from a sparsely populated British colony in the 19th century to an emerging economic force in the world today.

The data shows that the annual population growth rate in the country has averaged 1 percent over the last decade, the highest among the G8.

The leading source of population growth continues to be immigration, with net migration (immigration minus emigration) accounting for two-thirds of population increases and natural population growth the rest.

StatCan projects Canada’s population will grow to between 40.1 and 47.7 million people by 2036, with the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario experiencing the largest increase in numbers.

Newfoundland and Labrador is projected to have the lowest population growth, even possibly negative, over the same period, as immigrants choose to settle in other provinces and its own residents migrate to other regions of the country, resulting in it having the oldest population, in terms of the median age of its residents, of any province.

Canadian Government to Remove Visa Requirement For Mexicans

A Mexican passport. Mexico could soon be added to the Canadian government’s list of visa-exempt countries

The Canadian government is in talks with the government of Mexico to eliminate visa requirements for Mexicans travelling to Canada. Prime Minister Harper said he would only create a visa exemption for Mexicans if it was assured that it would not lead to a flood of asylum claims.

Canada has had problems with large numbers of refugee claimants arriving in the country from countries that it has made visa-exempt, in particular Hungary.

Almost all of these claimants end up being rejected by the Refugee Board or abandoning their claim, but not before receiving thousands of dollars worth of welfare and free health care courtesy of the federal government.

One Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) study estimates each bogus refugee claimant costs Canada $50,000, resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars of extra costs for the Canadian economy each year due to fraudulent refugee claims.

One measure that could help reduce the problem of bogus refugee claims from visa-exempt countries is the new ‘mini-visa’ that Canada will soon be introducing, which will require individuals from visa-exempt countries excluding the U.S. to acquire a Canadian Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) online before boarding their flight to Canada.

The mini-visa will enable Canadian authorities to screen out failed refugee claimants, ending the problem of a merry go-round of deportees returning to Canada to make new claims that take months to process and reject.

Ontario Judge Freezes Iran’s Canadian Embassy and Other Assets

The building on 245 Metcalfe St, Ottawa that housed the former Iranian embassy in Canada is one of three buildings frozen by an Ontario court (Google Maps)

A judge in Ontario has frozen three properties found to belong to Iran, including the building that housed Iran’s former embassy in Ottawa and Iran’s former cultural centre in Toronto, according to a story by the National Post:

Three properties were frozen, ensuring they are not sold or transferred, until court can decide whether they should be forfeited to the victim’s family to help satisfy the U.S. court award. The property is owned by the government of Iran or by an “alter ego” used “as a front” for Iran, court heard.

The injunction was requested by the family of Marla Bennett, an American who was killed in a terrorist attack at the Hebrew University in Israel while she was a student there in 2002, and who won a lawsuit in the U.S. against the Iranian government in 2007.

In the 2007 ruling, a U.S. court found that the Iranian government bore responsibility for the attack that killed Ms. Bennett because of support it has provided to Hamas, the group which carried out the attack, and ordered it to pay the plaintiffs nearly $13 million US. The lawyers representing the family have had difficulty collecting the money though due to the lack of seizable Iranian assets in the U.S., which has led to them turning their attention to Iranian assets in Canada and Canadian courts to enforce the U.S. judgement.

The presiding judge in the Canadian case, Justice Beth Allen, said that the plaintiffs made a convincing enough case at first glance to warrant a temporary injunction. No one appeared for Iran at the proceedings as is typical of the initial proceedings of lawsuits in the U.S. against the Iranian government.

Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act

Justice Allen cited the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act, legislation recently passed by the Harper government, as providing support for the case that Canadian courts could enforce the U.S. court ruling on Iran.

The legislation designates countries on a Canadian list of states that the Foreign Affairs department deems to have “supported terrorism since 1985” as not enjoying the immunity from lawsuits granted by Canada’s State Immunity Act. Iran and Syria are the only countries in the world on the list.

The Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act has been criticized by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA) for the potential it has to undermine the impartiality of the Canadian justice system by politicizing access to justice.

The CCLA has also expressed concern that by granting selective immunity to states, the legislation denies due process and equality before the law for victims of terrorist acts perpetrated by states not on the federal government’s list of states that have supported terrorism.

Census Shows Growing Multi-Lingual-ism of Canada, in Line With Immigration Trends

Granville St in Vancouver. Thirty-one percent of Vancouver's population now speaks a language other than English or French at home, according to the latest census data (CICS News)

Twenty percent of the Canadian population now speaks a language other than French or English at home, according to the latest census information released by Statistics Canada.

The statistics point to immigration’s transformational effect on Canadian demography and culture, as hundreds of thousands of people from primarily non-English and French speaking countries settle in Canada each year.

The census shows a majority – 58.0% – of the Canadian population speaking only English at home, and 18.2% speaking only French.

According to the census, the fastest growing non-English-or-French languages in Canada between 2006 and 2011 were:

  • Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines (+64%)
  • Mandarin, the official language of China (+50%)
  • Arabic, spoken in the Middle East and North Africa (+47%)
  • Hindi, the official language of India (+44%)
  • Creole languages, spoken primarily in the Caribbean islands (+42%)
  • Bengali, a common language in India (+40%)
  • Persian, the official language of Iran (+33%)
  • Spanish, the official language of Spain and most of Latin America (+32%)

The list closely mirrors immigration trends, with the Philippines, India and China as the largest sources of immigrants to Canada:

  • Philippines (13%)
  • India (10.8%)
  • People’s Republic of China (10.8%)
  • United Kingdom (3.4%)
  • United States of America (3.3%)
  • France (2.5%)
  • Iran (2.4%)
  • United Arab Emirates (2.4%)
  • Morocco (2.1%)
  • Republic of Korea (2%)

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC)

Among metropolitan areas, the highest concentration of non-English and French language speakers was found in Toronto, with 32.2% speaking another language at home. The most commonly spoken immigrant languages in Toronto were found to be Cantonese, Punjabi, Chinese n.o.s., Urdu and Tamil.

Vancouver had the next highest concentration of immigrant language speakers, at 31%. Among immigrant language speakers, Punjabi was the most common language spoken, at 17.7%, followed by Cantonese (16.0%), Chinese n.o.s. (12.2%), Mandarin (11.8%) and Tagalog (6.7%).

Montréal had a significantly lower proportion of immigrant language speakers than Toronto and Vancouver, at 16.5% of its population.

Arabic, at 17.2%, followed by Spanish (15.2%), Italian (8.1%), Chinese n.o.s. (5.7%) and a Creole language (5.4%) were the most common immigrant languages reported to be spoken in the city.

Do Muslim Immigrants Really Threaten the West?

VANCOUVER, BC, Oct. 14, 2012 – There has been no shortage of books about Muslims since September 11, 2001. Many of them have warned that recent waves of immigration have already turned countries such as France and Britain into “Eurabia.”

Eva Sajoo

Eva Sajoo - Guest Columnist for CICS News and Research Associate with the Centre for the Comparative Study of Muslim Societies and Cultures at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver - Follow Eva on Twitter @esajoo

On this side of the Atlantic, such migration is said to represent “medieval authoritarianism that has no place in the democratic American environment.” Others have alleged that the migrants’ religion directs them “to treat Christians as servants and permits (them) to violate Christian women.”

The first quote is from Paul Blanshard on Catholic immigrants in 1949, and the second from German August Rohling on Jewish ones in the late 19th century.

In his concise new book, The Myth of the Muslim Tide, journalist Doug Saunders of the Globe and Mail addresses the prevailing fear about visibly Muslim immigrants. The author of the award winning book Arrival City, Saunders has studied migration and marginalised populations before. He puts the influx of Muslim immigration in the context of previous waves of newcomers.

What is striking is how unoriginal most of the anti-Muslim writing is. Every large and visibly different group of migrants has been given much the same reception. Take, for example, the comment of Canadian commissioner for overseas immigration, Laval Fortier. He wrote that the Italian “is not the type we are looking for in Canada. His standard of living, his way of life, even his civilisation seems so different that I doubt if he could even become an asset to our country.” Most Canadians today would be astonished by this claim, but in the wake of World War II Italians were seen as lazy, prone to crime and authoritarianism, and Catholic.

Catholics, like Jews and Eastern Europeans generally, were seen as outside the boundaries of “our civilisation”, feared as disloyal, and a potentially undermining influence. This attitude was satirised by Canadian poet Earle Birney in his “Anglosaxon Street”, where he writes “Here is a ghetto gotten for goyim/ O with care denuded of nigger and kike”.

The successful integration of Catholic Europeans, Jews, and more recently South Asians, all of whom formerly huddled in ethnic neighborhoods under a cloud of suspicion, is ignored by our current alarmists. Authors like Mark Steyn, Niall Ferguson, Pamela Gellar, and Bat Ye’or warn that western civilisation is about to be submerged by a tide of Muslims seeking to Islamise us all.

Saunders systematically deals with each claim, providing clear documentation and hard data. Will a fast growing Muslim population soon be a majority in Europe? According to a comprehensive Pew Study, they will comprise a maximum of 8 per cent of the population by 2030. Temporarily higher birth rates among new immigrants swiftly fall to match those of the mainstream population.

Are Muslims in the west alienated and angry? Quite the contrary. In fact, they routinely score higher than mainstream populations on surveys measuring national pride and identification. Fully 83 per cent of British Muslims are proud to be citizens, compared to 79 per cent of non-Muslims. Approval of democratic institutions in France is at 69 per cent among Muslims, and 58 per cent generally.

A dominant fear is that Muslim arrivals are inevitably linked to the risk of terrorism. In fact, across Europe in 2010 there were 249 terrorist attacks – three of them linked to Islamic ideology. The rest were carried out by separatists, anarchists, and others, none of them Muslim.

Despite the fact that these and many other claims about Muslim immigrants are unsupported by facts, Islamophobia has infiltrated politics on both sides of the Atlantic. A member of Arkansas’ House of Representatives, John Fuqua, was recently heard to remark that “I see no solution to the Muslim problem short of expelling all followers of the religion.” The prevailing suspicion has also allowed a frightening erosion of legal protections for civil liberties, so that Muslim men like Adnan Latif have died in their cells after years of imprisonment without charge in Guantanamo Bay.

Meanwhile, in 2012 alone, mosques have been vandalised in Gatineau, Winnipeg, and Charlottetown, and veiled Muslim women attacked in Kingston, Ontario and New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. This is a disturbing but unsurprising result of the belief that Muslims are a threat because of their religion.

The Myth of the Muslim Tide is a tightly documented demolition of the hysterical anti-Muslim polemics that have become so common. Doug Saunders reminds us of the forgotten history we seemed determined to repeat.

Eva Sajoo is a Research Associate with the Centre for the Comparative Study of Muslim Societies and Cultures at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver. She has a graduate degree in International Development and Education from the University of London. Her published academic writing focuses on the rights of women and minorities. She has contributed widely to publications on Islam and the Muslim world. Eva has taught at the University of British Columbia, and the Beijing University of Science and Technology. She currently teaches at SFU.

Canada On Verge of Expansion of Undersea Territory

The brown line marks Canada's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is an area of continental shelf 200 nautical miles (nm) from a country's coastline over which it has sovereign rights. The green line is an estimate, made in the mid-1990s, of the outer limit of Canada's extended continental shelf. Substantial data collected about the sea floor off of Canada's coasts as part of Canada's Extended Continental Shelf Program have largely confirmed the initial estimates. (Polar Commission of Canada)

The Canadian government is near completion on its application to a UN commission to claim its extended continental shelf, and it holds the potential to expand the country’s ownership over seabed territory by up to 1.75 million square kilometres.

The government must submit the application, which according to the geologist in charge of the project, Dr. Jacob Verhoef, is thousands of pages long and includes 25 scientific reports, before the December 2013 deadline.

The UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), an expert body established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), will evaluate Canada’s application and render its binding recommendation on the outer limits of Canada’s extended continental shelf.

Canada ratified the UNCLOS treaty in 2003, which grants signatory countries ten years to provide a scientifically defensible submission to the CLCS on the outer limits of their extended continental shelf.

Valuable energy and mineral resources under the seabed are expected to become available to Canada with the expansion of its undersea territory.

Canada to Start Sharing Diplomatic Missions with UK

The UK offered the Canadian government office space in its embassy in Myanmar, pictured above, during their meeting on September 24th (Google Maps)

The Canadian and British governments announced last week that they had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will have the two countries share diplomatic missions in order to cut costs and expand their diplomatic reach.

The agreement was signed during a visit by UK Foreign Secretary William Hague to Ottawa, Canada on September 24th, and was accompanied by an exchange of offers of diplomatic office space between the countries, with the UK offering Canada space in the British embassy in Myanmar (Burma) and Canada offering the UK space in the Canadian embassy in Haiti.

Some in Canada have expressed concern that the joint missions would put Canadian diplomats at risk in countries with anti-British sentiment, while others have said it endangers Canada’s independence in foreign policy.

Promoters of the partnership cite the potential efficiency gains in sharing diplomatic resources and the cultural links between the countries as reasons to support the decision.

Before his meeting with Canadian political leaders last week, Mr. Hague described the closeness between the UK and Canada by quoting British Prime Minister David Cameron: “As the prime minister said when addressing the Canadian parliament last year: ‘We are two nations, but under one Queen and united by one set of values.'”